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Saying you can: the potential form

How to say you can do something — “I can swim”, “I can read this”. One ending replaces a whole phrase, and it changes one particle with it.

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The rule, by verb group

Group 2 · -verbs (ichidan) — drop , add . akeru → akerareru
Group 3 · irregular — dekiru, korareru
Group 1 · -verbs (godan) — change the last kana to the one in the same row with an e sound, then add :

Group 1: swap the last kana for its e sound

Dictionary form ends in
“Can do” form uses

Every group, in one table

GroupDictionary form“Can do” formMeaning
Group 1godan tsukau→ tsukaerucan use
kiku→ kikerucan listen
oyogu→ oyogerucan swim
kasu→ kaserucan lend
nomu→ nomerucan drink
tsukuru→ tsukurerucan make
Group 2ichidan akeru→ akerarerucan open
okiru→ okirarerucan get up
Group 3irregular suru→ dekirucan do
kuru→ korarerucan come

The object particle changes: becomes

Plain sentence“Can do” sentence
— I speak Japanese — I can speak Japanese

Use it

~ます politely —
~ません cannot —
~ようになりました became able to —
~ことができます the longer way —
まだ~ません not yet able —
~から because I can —

Watch out

Dropping is casual speech. People say and , but write .

Ability is not the same as “it happens”. = I am able to listen; = I can hear it whether I try or not. Same for and .

Two things you get free

Every “can do” verb is a Group 2 verb. They all end in after an e sound, so follow the Group 2 rules you already know.

A polite refusal. is a softer “no” than saying you do not want to.

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