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Saying you can: the potential form

How to say you can do something — “I can swim”, “I can read this”. One ending replaces a whole phrase, and it changes one particle with it.

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The rule, by verb group

Group 2 · -verbs (ichidan) — drop , add . akeru → akerareru
Group 3 · irregular dekiru, korareru
Group 1 · -verbs (godan) — change the last kana to the one in the same row with an e sound, then add :

Group 1: swap the last kana for its e sound

Dictionary form ends in
“Can do” form uses

Every group, in one table

GroupDictionary form“Can do” formMeaning
Group 1godan tsukau tsukaerucan use
kiku kikerucan listen
oyogu oyogerucan swim
kasu kaserucan lend
nomu nomerucan drink
tsukuru tsukurerucan make
Group 2ichidan akeru akerarerucan open
okiru okirarerucan get up
Group 3irregular suru dekirucan do
kuru korarerucan come

The object particle changes: becomes

Plain sentence“Can do” sentence
— I speak Japanese — I can speak Japanese

Use it

~ます politely
~ません cannot
~ようになりました became able to
~ことができます the longer way
まだ~ません not yet able
~から because I can

Watch out

Dropping is casual speech. People say and , but write .

Ability is not the same as “it happens”. = I am able to listen; = I can hear it whether I try or not. Same for and .

Two things you get free

Every “can do” verb is a Group 2 verb. They all end in after an e sound, so follow the Group 2 rules you already know.

A polite refusal. is a softer “no” than saying you do not want to.

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